With regard to the new development trends of artillery technology with the support of informationized and intelligent technologies, this paper summarizes the technological progress of artillery in aspects such as dynamic kill chains, long-range high-precision strikes, anti-jamming reliable strikes, high-density firepower strikes, and data-driven intelligent firepower. Furthermore, in combination with typical battlefield applications and new directions of equipment development, it analyzes the positive effects of these advancements on enhancing artillery performance. The research indicates that modern artillery has achieved severalfold increases in performance metrics concerning closed-loop strike time, range, accuracy, and rate of fire. It has also laid the foundation for artillery to adapt to the requirements of intelligent battlefield confrontation in terms of anti-jamming capabilities in complex battlefields and self-sensing/self-controlling functions of artillery systems. On this basis, this paper further explores the future development trends of artillery technology and proposes cutting-edge technological directions such as new-quality launching methods, extended-range technologies, and group firepower capabilities for artillery systems. It also preliminarily analyzes the significant implications of technologies such as high-initial-velocity launching through hydro-oxygen combustion, cannon-launched scramjet propulsion, and intelligent firepower coordination for the new-quality development of artillery, providing a preliminary vision for the future evolution of artillery systems.
Accurate determination of extreme boundary conditions in the forward design of a fuse is a robust guarantee for its safety. The safety margins hold paramount significance in the fuze forward design, where environmental excitations, detonation control components, and other safety factors directly impact fuze reliability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a conceptual framework for the fuze safety margins and establishes an analytical evaluation method for the electromagnetic environment safety margins in the fuze systems. The method specifically addresses two key scenarios: (1) voltage, current, and energy safety margin calculations under known electromagnetic environments, and (2) transient/pulse electromagnetic conditions. Furthermore, the paper systematically elaborates on experimental principles for safety margin verification in fuze detonation control circuits, principles for test point selection, and methods for component parameter selection.These contributions provide references and support for the theoretical analysis and engineering application of fuse safety margins.
In response to the lack of systematic research on the characteristic of flight stability of rotating stable projectiles with variation of position elevations, with the 155 mm howitzer as an example,the flight stability conditions of rotating stable projectiles were analyzed, and the characteristics of the gyroscopic stability, dynamic stability, and tracking stability with variation of position elevations were simulated and analyzed. The results show that on a certain elevation of the full trajectory, as long as the gyroscope stability of the projectile at the muzzle is met, it will inevitably meet the gyroscope stability on the full trajectory; as the elevation increases, the gyroscope stability factor increases, and thus the gyroscope stability enhances; under high altitude conditions, a decrease in air density is beneficial to maintaining dynamic stability, and with the increase of elevation, dynamic stability is significantly enhanced; the dynamic balance angle increases with the elevation of the position, and the tracking stability deteriorates. However, as long as the tracking stability conditions are met, the overall stability of high-altitude trajectory is stronger than that of low altitude; under high altitude conditions, it is necessary to avoid shooting at high firing angles to prevent the occurrence of excessive power balance angles that may cause fight instability.
As a new concept ultra-high-speed kinetic energy weapon, electromagnetic (EM) railguns possess extensive military application prospects; however, their firing power and development challenges remain unclear. Based on the analysis of the theory of electromagnetic railguns and the progress in armature technology, the development dilemmas of electromagnetic railguns are summarized. It is found that the magnetic saw effect occurring at the throat section of a U-shaped aluminum armature limits the firing power (i.e., muzzle momentum) of simple railguns. Based on this, a high-power EM railgun concept is proposed, which utilizes the principle of independent action of mutually perpendicular magnetic fields and the principle of mechanical contact force superposition and transmission, to synthesize two simple railguns into a complex railgun with dual pulsed power supplies (PPS), dual armatures, four rails, a single projectile, and a near-square bore. The mechanical structure of this railgun is compact and well-designed, with the two electrical circuits operating independently without interference, jointly accelerating the projectile. Its equivalent bore pressure and firing power can both be increased to approximately twice that of a simple railgun of the same caliber. The proposed design can promote the advancement of electromagnetic railgun technology and possesses certain military application value.
As an important anti-penetration device against high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) projectiles, slat armor, with its unique design principle and structural features, is widely used in battlefields.Taking the traditional slat armor as the research object and focusing on improving the protection performance of armored vehicles, a new type of slat armor design scheme is proposed through innovative design of the unit structure. The finite element software is used to conduct simulation calculations on the anti-penetration behavior of the new slat armor against HEAT projectiles. The results show that the new slat armor design scheme has a greater improvement in realizing high-performance armor protection, compared with the traditional slat armor. It effectively enhances the defense ability against shaped charge ammunition coming from oblique directions with large angles of incidence, greatly increases the interception success rate. When used to protect the front, flanks, rear, engine and the top of the turret of armored vehicles, it can improve the protection performance and achieve all-round protection. This proposed armor design scheme has important military significance for improving the battlefield survivability and exerting the combat effectiveness of weaponry and equipment under the background of the threat of enemy shaped charge ammunition.
The overload resistance performance of the rotary isolation mechanism is one of the critical factors ensuring the normal operation of trajectory correction fuses. Aiming at the operating environment of trajectory correction fuses for high-speed rotating projectiles, a rotation-isolating mechanism with the functions of "internal cushioning and external isolation"is designed. The elastoplastic coupling deformation of the mechanism is analyzed through a combination of finite element simulation, theoretical analysis, and experimental verification.The simulation results indicate that the internal multi-spherical point-contact cushioning component undergoes a deformation of 1.44 mm at the moment of impact, with a contact radius of approximately 2 mm after impact; the theoretical analysis reveals that a helical spring with a stiffness of 150 N/mm can meet the requirements for outer isolation design; the deformation of the cushioning component in the hydraulic impact test is basically consistent with the simulation results, which verifies the rationality of the structural design. The design of the rotary isolation mechanism will have a significant impact on the engineering application of trajectory correction fuze and the advancement of high-precision guided munitions.
Lightning poses a serious threat to the intelligent unmanned tanks in the wild. To clarify the protection requirements for the lightning indirect effects, firstly, the electrostatic simulation model of unmanned tanks with the cloud electrode was established, and the lightning attachment points were analyzed. Secondly, the field distribution and the conduction coupling laws of internal typical single wires and coaxial lines in an unmanned tank subjected to a 200 kA lightning current A-wave impact were investigated through field-circuit co-simulation. The influence of different attachment points, ground conductivity and termination resistances was discussed. Finally, an experimental model of the unmanned tank was constructed proportionally, and the small current equivalent injection test was conducted in accordance with GJB8848. Then the measured coupling currents were linearly extrapolated to verify the validity of the numerical simulation results. The results show that the tank metal shell is more effective in shielding the pulse electric field, but less effective in shielding the low frequency magnetic pulse; the coupling voltage at high impedance port is similar to the differential signal of wave A component and its peak is about 2 kV; the coupling current at low impedance port accords with the wave A component and its peak is about 2 kA.
The indirect effect caused by the electromagnetic environment of nearby lightning strikes poses a serious threat to the security of electronic and electrical equipment. In laboratories, the common method to produce the required close-in electric field is to inject the high-voltage pulse of the Marx generator into a field irradiator. With regard to the issue of the impact of high-voltage lightning pulse injection patterns on the electric field distribution of a field irradiator, the simulation analysis and experimental testing were carried out. A model of a nearby lightning strike pulse electric field simulation device was established to obtain the distribution of the electromagnetic field in the space around the field irradiator. The obtained simulation results were then compared with actual measurement results to verify the effectiveness of the simulation. After that, the four different injection modes were set up based on the built model. The electric field distribution of the field irradiator and the current coupled in the wire were compared, and then the optimized injection method was developed. The results provide an applicable method for the accurate evaluation of lightning indirect effect, and it is of great significance to the design of nearby lightning protection for electronic and electrical equipment.
The technology of electrostatic potential measurement is widely used in scientific research and engineering practices such as electrostatic charge imaging on material surfaces, optimization of high-voltage insulators, and detection of gas-solid-liquid multi-phase flows. In response to the issues of low spatial resolution and the lack of a calibration method for spatial resolution in existing non-contact electrostatic potential measurement instruments, this paper proposes a micro induction electrode utilizing coaxial semi-rigid cable, and a high-sensitivity electrostatic sensor designed based on the positive-feedback circuit conditioning technology. By integrating them with a high-precision six-axis robotic arm, a non-contact electrostatic potential measurement with high spatial resolution was achieved. A calibration electrode with a standard electrostatic field spatial distribution was designed, simulated, and implemented. A prototype testing system was constructed, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was experimentally verified. The results indicate that the spatial resolution of the prototype system in measuring DC and low-frequency AC surface potential distributions reaches 200 μm.
To explore the cause of the shutdown phenomenon of the radio station powered by a certain type of regulated power supply in the test of strong electromagnetic radiation, with a radio station connected to a linear regulated power supply as the test subject, this paper observed the sensitivity phenomenon of the test subject under the strong continuous wave interference. The irradiation test was carried out in the GTEM Cell, with the interfering signal frequency band ranging from 80 to 500 MHz and the maximum electric field strength reaching 300 V/m. The results show that the shutdown of the radio station is caused by the output interruption of the regulated power supply. The output voltage of the regulated power supply changes slowly with the increase of the interference field intensity at first, and the output of the power supply interrupts suddenly when the interference reaches a certain intensity. The interruption phenomenon manifests as a power output interruption after the cessation of interference within the frequency bands of 80—120 MHz and 315—345 MHz, and as a power output interruption during the application of interference within the frequency bands of 220—270 MHz and 350—420 MHz.The mechanism was analyzed based on the change of the threshold interference field strength of sensitivity phenomena with the interference frequency. Interference signals act on the interconnection cables between the test power supply and the communication station, as well as the metal shell of the test object, generating the induced current in the ground wire of the test power supply, leading to fluctuations in the ground potential. As a result, the output switch circuit of the test power supply may malfunction, causing power output interruption.
At present, the refined damage assessment of reinforced concrete structures subjected to penetration explosion mainly relies on numerical simulations and experimental data analysis, both of which suffer from the drawbacks of time-consuming processes and high economic costs. To address these issues, a novel digital-intelligent prediction model for penetration-explosion damage is proposed to simulate the entire dynamics of the penetration-explosion process. Based on the graph neural network and a multi-task learning paradigm, this model can achieve rapid and accurate predictions of building damage morphology and node failures under various penetration positions and explosion yields, with a single penetration-explosion prediction taking only 0.2 seconds. Specifically, during the penetration phase, the structural response field prediction error is less than 2.9%, and the node failure prediction accuracy exceeds 99.5%; during the explosion phase, the structural response field prediction error is lower than 6.5%, and the failure prediction accuracy surpasses 98.8%. The evaluation of 100 penetration-explosion damage scenarios takes only 30 s.The proposed digital-intelligent prediction model demonstrates excellent generalization performance and highly efficient, accurate prediction capability, thus providing a new tool for building structure damage assessment and safety protection design.
Taking a square combined wire rope isolator as the research object, this study addresses the complexity of parameter identification in the dynamic response model. Based on static and shock isolation tests, an equivalent dynamic model dominated by loading stiffness is established. The rationality of equivalent linear models and variable-stiffness models is compared, and the valuation of the major parameters is discussed. The results indicate that the square combined wire rope isolator exhibits significant hysteretic characteristics and stiffness nonlinearity in both vertical and horizontal directions. Under the explosive impact, both the isolation rate exceed 89.77%, demonstrating good isolation performance. The isolator shows negligible damping under small impact vibrations, whereas it exhibits substantial damping under large impact vibrations. The variable-stiffness equivalent dynamic model established based on the loading stiffness of the isolator can effectively describe the dynamic behavior of the isolated structure under shock vibrations within a certain range.
Considering the difficulty of balancing the delay and energy consumption of long-distance multi-hop transmission of UAVs in wide-area sparse scenarios, this paper studies how to realize the collaborative optimization of delay and energy consumption through dynamic control. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization problem is proposed, and a dynamic dual-domain collaborative optimization framework is designed to jointly optimize the three elements of the data collection time, the number of UAVs and the transmission distance to construct the delay-energy Pareto frontier. For the non-convex optimization problem, a hybrid solution strategy based on fixed variable iterative optimization and heuristic algorithm is designed, and the main problem is decomposed into three sub-problems for alternating iterative optimization. The simulation results show that the proposed framework can accurately match the differentiated requirements of delay-sensitive and energy-efficiency-sensitive tasks, and achieve transmission performance comparable to that of the base station-assisted scheme in the scenario without ground base station, and verify that the algorithm has stable convergence characteristics. This study provides a lightweight dynamic control method for low-density UAV networks, which effectively solves the contradiction between "low-density deployment" and "high-efficiency backhaul", and has theoretical guidance value for the design of low-density UAV networks in wide-area missions.
The reconstruction algorithm based on the interference and noise covariance matrix (INCM) is regarded as a burgeoning robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) technology in recent years. However, most of the INCM algorithms only focus on the performance under different error conditions but ignore the computational complexity of the algorithms. First, to address this issue, with a focus on the robustness and computational complexity of the INCM algorithms, based on the nominal steering vectors of interference and the signal of interest (SOI) obtained by the Capon algorithm, the robust Capon beamforming (RCB) algorithm is employed to correct the nominal steering vectors, thereby obtaining the actual steering vectors of interference and SOI and enhancing the resistance to steering vector errors. Moreover, the total interference power is estimated using the maximum eigenvalue of the sample covariance matrix (SCM), which effectively reduces the computational complexity of the algorithm. Through the aforementioned two parts, the designed beamformer maintains low complexity while possessing superior error resistance capabilities. The simulation results show that the proposed INCM algorithm has excellent resistance to different types of errors, taking into account both computational complexity and performance. Finally, a physical verification platform is established with software-defined radio (SDR) equipment, which further verifies the superior anti-jamming performance of the proposed method.
